On Epigenetics

Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence- this concept has revolutionized our understanding of inheritance and evolution. Beyond genetics, emerging research suggests that behavioral changes in mindset can have profound epigenetic effects- potentially impacting future generations. This area of science sheds light on the dynamic interplay between environment, behaviors, genetics, etc. and underscores the potential for individuals to influence the genetic legacy that they pass on.

Traditionally, genetics was thought to be the sole determinant of an individual’s traits and characteristics, however, the discover of epigenetics has revealed that environmental factors and individual experiences can actually modify how genes are expressed without altering the DNA sequence itself. These epigenetic changes involve chemical modifications to the DNA molecule or the proteins that package it, influencing which genes are either activated or suppressed. These changes can be influenced by various factors, including diet, stress, exposure to toxins, and even one’s psychological state.

Recent research in behavioral epigenetics explores how our thoughts, emotions and experiences can shape the landscape. For instance, studies have shown that stress, trauma and even chronic negative emotions can lead to epigenetic modifications that affect gene expression. Conversely, positive experiences, mindfulness, and healthy lifestyle choices may promote epigenetic changes!

Influence of Perceived Genetic Risk on Physiological and Behavioral Outcomes

Personalized genetic risk assessments and tests have become increasingly accessible, offering insights into disease susceptibilities. Learning about how one’s genetic risk influences actual physiological responses and behaviors is an area of research that is still being explored but research has suggested that mindset shifts can drive meaningful alterations in health-related outcomes.

This Nature Human Behavior study aims to investigate whether the act of learning one’s genetic risk could induce changes in physiological and behavioral responses consistent with the expected genetic risk profile. Two experiments are examined involving genetic risk for obesity and its effects on physiological responses during exercise (experiment 1) and post-food consumption (experiment 2). In experiment 1, participants were genotyped for obesity risk and randomly assigned to receive either “high-risk” or “protected” genetic test results based on cardiorespiratory exercise capacity. In experiment 2, participants were genotyped and received genetic test results based on physiological satiety. Both experiments involved a task where genetic risk was emphasized.

Results suggest that perceived genetic risk can influence cardiorespiratory physiology, perceived exertion, satiety physiology, and even perceived fullness. The findings indicate that perceiving higher genetic risk for obesity influenced cardiorespiratory physiology, perceived exertion, and running endurance during exercise (experiment 1). Similarly, in experiment 2, perceived genetic risk altered satiety physiology and perceived fullness after food consumption. Interestingly, the effects of perceived genetic risk sometimes surpassed the effects associated with actual genetic risk, suggesting a strong influence of mindset on physiological responses.

The impact of perceived genetic risk on outcomes sometimes exceeds the effects associated with the actual genetic risk. This study underscores the potential for genetic risk information to induce physiological changes and suggests individuals to carefully consider when and how to reveal genetic risk. Notably, the impact of mindset on outcomes occasionally exceeded the effects linked to genetic predisposition- this challenges traditional notions of the static relationship between genes and outcomes.

Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the idea that environmental experiences can leave marks on our genes that get passed down to future generations. While traditional genetics focuses on the DNA sequence, epigenetics looks at changes in how genes are turned on or off without changing the sequence itself. This concept challenges the old idea that only genetic variations are inherited.

In the past, it was believed that only genetic variations mattered for heredity, and that our genes were blind to environmental cues. However, recent discoveries in epigenetics have reopened this debate. Epigenetic marks can be added to our genes based on our experiences, and these marks can sometimes be passed down to our children and even their children. At the heart of this concept is the process of germline reprogramming, which is like a “reset” button for our genes. This process removes epigenetic marks acquired during an individual’s development, ensuring that the genetic blueprint of a species is properly reflected in each new generation. But sometimes, these marks can be retained and passed on, like an inheritance from past experiences.

While most epigenetic changes are neutral or harmful, some can actually be adaptive. This means that certain experiences in an individual’s life could lead to changes in gene expression that help their descendants better adapt to their environment. In plants, epigenetic inheritance is more common, as their germline is derived from cells that have experienced environmental cues. However, in mammals like humans, the process of reprogramming is efficient and tends to erase most epigenetic marks. This leaves less room for transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic changes. While some studies suggest intergenerational effects (effects between parents and immediate offspring), it is important to note that true transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in mammals remain topics of ongoing research and exploration.

Conclusion

Now that we have learned a little more about the revolutionary field of epigenetics, it has the potential to inspire us to make health-conscious decisions. These choices, in turn, have the capacity to enhance our genetic potential and overall life quality. Our genetic makeup isn’t a rigid blueprint dictating our destiny. Instead, it serves as a starting point, an outline, helping us comprehend our inherent strengths and weaknesses that come with birth. Yet, it’s crucial to understand that our genes don’t hold ultimate control over our lives.

Becoming aware of this fundamental truth can change our narrative of current health issues and societal well-being. It is important to note that science (by nature) is an ongoing quest for knowledge and not a fixed destination! As we embrace this fresh perspective, let’s remain connected to what we recognize as genuine, approach our inquiries with an open mind, and view our experiences through a lens of potential. Armed with this understanding, you can begin crafting a state of vibrant health that aligns with the life you’re meant to lead. Remember, it all begins with you– your choice to embrace change.

Epigenetics Research & Resources

Resources From Dr. Brooke Stuart / Let Go & Grow®